Cambodia & History: King Preah Norodom, founder of the great dynasty

King Preah Norodom (1834-1904) was a central figure in the history of Cambodia, reigning from 19 October 1860 to 24 April 1904.

Born Ang Voddey in Angkor Borei, Cambodia, he was the eldest son of King Ang Duong and the founder of the Norodom dynasty

Youth and education

Norodom spent his youth in Bangkok, where he studied the Pali and Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures under Siamese tutelage. This education was part of his father's desire to strengthen ties with Siam (now Thailand). His exposure to Buddhist philosophy and royal governance shaped his future leadership style.

Accession to the throne

Norodom ascended the throne in 1860 following the death of his father, but his coronation was delayed until 1864 due to Siamese control over the Cambodian royal insignia. The French intervened militarily to seize the insignia, thus marking the beginning of their influence over Cambodian affairs. Norodom's coronation took place in Phnom Penh, consolidating his legitimacy as sovereign.

French protectorate and reforms

In 1863, Norodom signed a treaty with France that placed Cambodia under French protection. This agreement protected Cambodia's sovereignty against external threats, but gradually eroded its internal autonomy. In 1867, Siam officially recognised Cambodia as a French protectorate. During his reign, the French implemented agrarian reforms, reorganised the military forces and abolished slavery, thus reshaping Cambodian society.

The Silver Pagoda was built during the reign of King Norodom

Over time, the French authorities exerted pressure to obtain greater administrative control. In 1884, Norodom was forced to sign a treaty that ceded control of public revenue, customs duties and public works to France. This treaty effectively transformed Cambodia into a virtual colony. The treaty sparked widespread anger and led to a two-year rebellion (1884-1886), which only ended after Norodom persuaded the rebels to lay down their arms in exchange for concessions.

Infrastructure and cultural developments

Under his reign, several temples begun under Suryavarman were completed, thus contributing to Cambodia's rich cultural heritage. Although the French imposed reforms, Norodom's reign saw the introduction of modern administrative systems and the improvement of infrastructures, which laid the foundations for development.

Challenges and legacy

Norodom had to face internal dissent, but he maintained his position with the support of the Siamese and French forces. His reign lasted 43 years, the longest in the history of Cambodia, and laid the foundations for the modern Cambodian monarchy. On his death in 1904, he was succeeded by his half-brother Sisowath.

Historical importance

King Preah Norodom is known for having been able to navigate a complex political landscape during a period of colonial expansion. The sovereign is considered the founder of the royal house of Norodom, which continues to reign over Cambodia. His legacy extends beyond his reign, influencing the country's monarchical traditions and its relations with foreign powers.

Overall, King Norodom's reign was marked by his ability to balance the interests of various outside powers while preserving Cambodia's identity and sovereignty. His reign laid the foundations for the modern Cambodian monarchy and its relevance in contemporary Cambodia.